The influence of roughness on the results of indentation testing was investigated using a semianalytical model. This model used simulated surfaces that were described using three standard roughness parameters: the root-mean-square deviation S q , the wavelength (or cutoff of Gaussian high-pass filter), and the fractal dimension. It was shown that S q had the largest effect on the determination of the macrohardness, while the surface wavelength and fractal dimension had negligible effects at the scale of investigation. The error of determination of the macrohardness rose with the increase of the ratio S q /h max where h max was the maximum indentation depth: S q /h max ratios lower than 0.02 were required to obtain a systematic error of the macrohardness lower than 5%, whatever the examined material mechanical properties (in elasticity and plasticity).